Sources of Finance - 972 Words

Sources of finance What are the main sources and finance for UK firms and why? All firms need some kind of financing. Access to finance may differ considerably from firm to firm depending on what type of business they are and how big/known they are; Sole Trader, Public Limited or Private Limited Company. There are both INTERNAL and EXTERNAL sources of finance. Finance can be short, medium or long term. Internal sources of Finance: 2 main types 1) Funds from the owner(s) and the family. These funds are normally savings and other money invested as capital. âÅ"“ Funds from the family can take the form of a loan provided at a low or nil rate of interest. This form of financing is quite cheap. âÅ"“ Also it can be very†¦show more content†¦Ã¢Å¾ ¢ Involves the putting down of security Limited Company Ordinary shares: are shares issued to the shareholders of a limited company. In return Shareholders receive regular dividend payments out of the profits of the company. Advantages: âÅ"“ Dividends on ordinary shares very according to the level or profits. If there are no profits, dividends don’t have to be paid. The cost of finance is therefore variable and will not be such a burden if profits are low. Disadvantages: âž ¢ If outside investors buy into the company, they will have an element of control which could prove disruptive for exiting management âž ¢ With most shares, finance is never paid off because there will always be a need to pay dividends. âž ¢ If the company foes ‘bust’; ordinary shareholders are the last people to get paid (disadvantage for shareholders) Limited company preference shares: are shares issued to the investors of a limited company. They receive dividends in preference to ordinary shareholders and often have a fixed percentage dividend. Advantages: âÅ"“ Preference dividends are fixed; makes budgeting easier âÅ"“ Shareholders unable to take part in the running of the business Disadvantages: âž ¢ preference dividends fixed so even if profits are low, they have to be paid Debenture stock:Show MoreRelatedsources of finance1286 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Sources of finance Some sources of finance are short term and must be paid back within a year. Other sources of finance are long term and can be paid back over many years. Internal sources of finance are funds found inside the business. For example, profits can be kept back to finance expansion. Alternatively the business can sell assets that are no longer really needed to free up cash. External sources of finance are found outside the business. For example from creditors or banks. InternalRead MoreSources of Finance1496 Words   |  6 PagesP3 Introduction For this task I will be considering the sources of finance I will need for my company. Why might a business require finance? A business may require finance because they can either: †¢ Be setting up a new business and they do not have enough money to start up. †¢ They may need new equipment to help make the business expand and make more profit. †¢ Or they may even want to replace old machinery. †¢ They may want to move there store to a better location that might benefit thereRead MoreSources of Finance1111 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction In this essay we will be looking at different sources of finance available for different type of business. Also will be looking at the definitions of different type of sources of finance, the advantages, disadvantages and also giving reasons to why different sources of finance was chosen for the given case studies. Types of sources of finance Bank Loan – is a long term loan and will often be for large amount of money for starting up a business or to expanding. Business will agreeRead MoreSources of Finance1627 Words   |  7 PagesUnit 2: Business Resources Assignment 4:P4 Sources of Finance Internal Sources of finance Owners’ savings- the owner of a business often has to use their own personal savings to start a business, particularly if they are a sole trader. This is because banks may not be willing to take a risk and invest in them. Savings are a good source of finance for a business, as interest does not need to be paid to someone else while the money is being used, and the business remains totally in theRead Moresources of finance2021 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿Question:   IDENTIFY THE SOURCES OF FINANCE AVAILABLE TO A BUSINESS Answer: There are a number of ways of raising finance for a business. The type of finance chosen depends on the nature of the business. Large organisations are able to use a wider variety of finance sources than are smaller ones. Finance is not just needed when starting a new business, but you may be required to seek further finance even if you’re business is well established i-e further expansion, RD, new product launchRead MoreSource of Finance3105 Words   |  13 Pages1. Identify and describe the various sources of finance 1.1 Internal source 1.2 External sources 2. Assess the implication of the difference sources of finance related to risk, legal, financial and dilution of control and bankruptcy 2.1 Issue debt 2.2 Issue equity 3. Select appropriate sources of finance and make recommendations on the best ways of raising finance TASK 2: Part 1: Assess and compare various costs involve with each source of finance to Vale filters Limited Part 2: PrepareRead MoreSources of Finance1934 Words   |  8 PagesSources of Finance The financing of every business is the most fundamental aspect of its management. Get the financing right and the company will have a healthy business, positive cash flows and ultimately a profitable enterprise. The financing can happen at any stage of a business s development. On commencement of your enterprise the business entity will need finance to start up and, later on, finance to expand. Finance sources may be internal or external but they may also be short, medium orRead MoreSources of Finance7811 Words   |  32 PagesIntroduction - Sources of Finance Introduction to the Sources of Finance resource. Sources of Finance Introduction This resource is designed for use with Accounting courses at A level. This resource is relevant to the following: * AQA Module 5, Section 14.5: Types of Business Organisation, Sources of Finance * OCR Module 2505, Sections 5.3.2 and 5.6.2 For many businesses, the issue about where to get funds from for starting up, development and expansion can be crucial for the successRead MoreSources of Finance4664 Words   |  19 PagesSection 1 – Sources of Finance There are 4 main types of business ownership: †¢ Sole trader †¢ Partnership †¢ Private limited company (Ltd) †¢ Public limited company (Plc) Each of these types of business needs to raise finance for capital investment Sole Trader This is a business that is owned by one person. Sole Traders are responsible for raising all the finance to set up and run the business. Usually a sole trader would be for a small business/ (businesses with a flatRead MoreInternal Sources Of Finance And Finance Essay2349 Words   |  10 PagesInternal sources of finance: Internal sources of finance are funds that arise from within the business such as profits as they can be retained to grow the finance and selling assets. Retained profit Retained profit is the money kept in the company after paying dividends. It is used to reinvest in the business or to pay debt. It comes by a business after it makes profit and is kept separate to use in other ways such as expanding the business by developing new buildings or certain areas, buying new

Evaluating financial management in kingfisher airlines - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1987 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Financial management can be defined by managing the finances of a business in order to achieve financial objectives. Taking a commercial business as the most common organizational structure the key objectives of financial management would be as follows:- Create wealth for the business. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Evaluating financial management in kingfisher airlines" essay for you Create order Generate cash and Provide an adequate return on investment bearing in mind the risks that the business is taking and the resources invested. There are three major elements to the process of financial management and they are:- Financial planning Financial control and Financial decision making FINANCIAL PLANNING: Management need to ensure that enough funding is available at the right time to meet the needs of the business. In the short term funding may be needed to invest in equipment and stocks pay employees and fund sales made on credit. FINANCIAL CONTROL: Financial control is a critically important activity to help the business ensure that the business is meeting its objectives financial control addresses question such as:- Are assets being used efficiently Are the businesses assets secure Does management act in the best interest of shareholders and in accordance with business rules FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING: The keys aspects of financial decision-making relate to investment, financing and dividends:- Investments must be financed in some way. However there are always financing alternatives that can be considered. If dividends are too high, the business may be starved of funding to reinvest in growing revenues and profit further. KINGFISHER AIRLINES: INTRODUCTION: Kingfisher airline is one of the seven airlines to be ranked as a five-star airline by the independent research consultancy firm. They operate more than three s daily flights to seventy one destinations, with regional and long-haul international services. In May 2009, they also carried more than a million passengers, giving it the highest market share among airlines in India. They also the sponsor of F1 racing outfit, which Vijay Malaya also owns. They also serve sixty three domestic destinations in eight countries across Asia and Europe. Their short haul routes are mostly domestic apart from some cities in south Asia, Southeast Asia and western Asia. All short haul routes are operated on the airbus A320 family aircraft ATR 42S and ATR 72S are used mainly on domestic regional routes. They have its medium, long haul destination in East Asia, South Asia and Europe. Its first long haul destination was London, United Kingdom. This was launched in September 2008. It has plans to launch new long haul flights to cities in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and Oceania with deliveries of new aircraft. All long haul routes are operated on the airbus 330-200. DEPT. FINANCING FOR A MEDIUM SIZED FOR BOTH THE SHORT -TERM AND LONG -TERM: SHORT -TERM FINANCING: This term financing referring to any investment, financial plan, or anything else lasting for one year or less. In this term investments and financial plans usually involve less uncertainly than long term investments and financial plan because generally speaking, markets trends are easily predictable for one year than for any longer period likewise, There plans are more easily amendable, as a result of the little time frame this term plans usually involve investing in short term securities, such as T-Bills or Commercial Paper. LONG-TERM FINANCING: This term is describing a table, tactic, precautions or anything else with a term of longer than one year; the exact number of year varies according to the usage. For example a long term financial plan outline investment and other financial goal for any time more than one fiscal year, while a long term bond has a maturity of 10 or more years. Anything long term involves more uncertainly than anything short-term because generally speaking, market trends are more easily predictable in the short-term. Thus, while planning for the long-term is necessary, ones plan must be flexible to account for its inherent uncertainly. EQUITY FINANCING: Equity financing is a term used for companys issuance of shares of common or preferred stock to raise money. It is also commonly done when its per share prices are high the most money that can be raised for the smallest number of shares. Equity financing also known as capital structure As we can see the equity financing or you can say capital structure of kingfisher airlines as shown in the chart. IMPORTANCE OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT: The organization of the finances of a business/organization in order to achieve financial objectives. Taking a commercial business as the most common organizational structure the key objectives of financial management would be to as follows: Create wealth for the business. Generate cash, and Provide an adequate return on investment bearing in mind the risks that the business is taking and the resources invested. IMPORTANCE OF CREDIT CONTROL WITHIN A FINANCE DEPARTMENT: A strategy employed by manufacturers and retailers to promote good credit among the creditworthy and deny it to delinquent borrowers. This will both increases sales and decrease debts, thus improving a companys cash flow credits control is an important component in the overall profitability of many firms also known as credit management. Financial control is a critically important activity to help the business ensure that the business is meeting its objectives, financial control addresses question such as Are assets being used efficiently? Are the businesses assets secure? Does management act in the best interest of shareholders and in accordance with business rules? VARIABLE AND FIXED COSTS DURING ECONOMIC DOWNTURNS IN KINGFISHER AIRLINES: Buying the big jets: fleet planning for airline FLEET SIZE ECONOMICS: Fleet size economic alliance due to a major shift in their strategic direction. Although it was not the case, it could have been disasters if Aer-lingus had allowed their fleet strategy to be driven by their alliance partners only to find themselves compromised upon leaving the alliances. Airline undoubted reap revenue benefits due to alliance membership but true cost savings in big tickets items such as fleet acquisition may be out of reach for all but a handful of airlines. There will always be institutional obstacles, such as union issues and manufacturing pricing strategies, to airline reaping the fleet cost savings that might be apparent on paper. THE PROBLEM OF EXTERNAL FACTORS: Airline economics have always been affected by external factors, some of which are conditioned of the geographical area in which airlines operate and some of which just conspire to make difficult. The huge fuel price increases of the 2000s affected the entire industry and even those airlines able to hedge the majority of their fuel bill were simply postponing the moment when the higher fuel prices ate into profit margins. THE METHOD BEFORE INVESTING SPECIFIC AMOUNT OF MONEY IN FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT: There are three keys elements to the process of financial management:- 1. Financial planning 2. Financial control and 3. Financial decision making FINANCIAL PLANNING: Management need to ensure that enough funding is available at the right time to meet the needs of the business. In the short term funding may be needed to invest in equipment and stocks pay employees and fund sales made on credit. FINANCIAL CONTROL: Financial control is a critically important activity to help the business ensure that the business is meeting its objectives financial control addresses question such as:- Are assets being used efficiently? Are the businesses assets secure? Does management act in the best interest of shareholders and in accordance with business rules? FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING: The keys aspects of financial decision-making relate to investment, financing and dividends:- Investments must be financed in some way. However there are always financing alternatives that can be considered. For example it is possible to raise finance from selling new shares, borrowing from banks or taking credit from suppliers. If dividends are too high, the business may be starved of funding to reinvest in growing revenues and profit further. PAYBACK AND DIVIDEND RATIO FOR KINGFISHER AIRLINES: PAYBACK RATIO: The amount of time taken to break even on an investment. Since this method ignores the time value of money and cash flows after the payback period, it can provide only partial pictures of whether the investments are worthwhile. DIVIDEND RATIO: Five fundamentals reasons I am positive lying on dividends: Community income cover a lot rebound from their recessions level and are now approaching record levels short interest rates. Corporate cash on hand stands at an all time high payouts remain low, partially due to the speed of income improvement and the slower rate of dividend increase. Reporting rates, income dividends are very high. DIVIDEND AND PAYBACK RATIOS OF KINGFISHER AIRLINES: Dividend and payback ratios in RS.CR. JUNE 2007 MARCH 2008 MARCH 2009 MARCH 2010 Adjusted EPS -55.05 -18.64 -60.67 -48.5 Adjusted Cash EPS -51.81 -15.94 -54.22 -40.33 Reported EPS -30.97 -13.85 -60.5 -61.95 Reported Cash EPS -27.73 -11.16 -54.65 -53.78 Dividend Per Share 0 0 0 0 Operating Profit Per Share -19.37 -23.95 -20.8 -35.71 Net Operating Income Per Share 132.89 107.24 198.16 190.59 Free Reserves Per Share 15.46 2.68 -94.05 -167.98 Operating Margin -14.57 -22.32 -10.49 -18.75 Gross Profit Margin -15.55 -23.58 -13.02 -21.94 Net Profit Margin -22.92 -12.5 -27.43 -31.25 Adjusted Cash Margin -38.34 -14.38 -24.58 -20.34 Adjusted Return On Net Worth -209.52 -147.04 0 0 Reported Return On Net Worth -117.87 -109.29 0 0 Return On Long Term Funds -36.27 -36.52 -7.9 -23.99 Long Term Debt / Equity 0.98 3.54 0 0 Total Debt 2.38 4.95 0 0 Owners Funds 29.56 16.8 -63.14 -99.65 Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio 5.37 4.61 2.85 2.47 Current Ratio 2.33 1.71 1.09 1.34 Current Ratio (inc. st loans) 0.79 0.96 0.64 1.34 Quick ratio 2.2 0.87 0.52 0.57 Inventory Turnover Ratio 28.8 0 5,738.39 30.74 Dividend payout Ratio (net profit) 0 0 0 0 Dividend Payout ratio (cash profit) 0 0 0 0 Earning Retention Ratio 0 0 0 0 Cash Earning Retention Ratio 0 0 0 0 Adjusted Cash Flow Time Total Debt 0 0 0 0 Financial Charges Coverage Ratio -0.49 -0.63 0.02 -0.68 Financial Charges Coverage Ratio (post tax) 0.19 0.65 0.29 -0.3 Material Cost Component 2.55 3 0.97 0.8 Selling Cost component 0.99 5.83 12.97 0 Exports As Percent Of Total Sales 18.56 3.42 4.54 13.79 Import Comp. In Raw Materials Consumed 0 0 0 0 Long term Assets/Total Assets 0.01 0.03 -0.01 0 Bonus Component in Equity Capital (%) 20.14 20.09 10.26 10.26 PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT OF KINGFISHER AIRLINES: profit and loss account in RS.CR. JUNE 2007 12 MONTHS MARCH 2008 9 MONTHS MARCH 2009 12 MONTHS MARCH 2010 12 MONTHS INCOME SALES TURNOVER 1,800.21 1,456.28 5,269.17 5,067.92 EXCISE DUTY 0 0 0 0 NET SALES 1,800.21 1,456.28 5,269.17 5,067.92 OTHER INCOME 342.1 113.62 598.9 -333.3 STOCK ADJUSTMENTS 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 TOTAL INCOME 2,142.31 1,569.00 5,868.07 4,734.62 Raw materials 45.94 43.79 51.19 40.89 Power and fuel costs 979.5 889.3 2,602.62 1,802.99 employee cost 247.72 244.96 825.42 689.38 Other manufacturing expenses 617.56 408.21 1,112.85 1,108.82 Selling and admin expenses 148.78 180.39 1,062.74 1,067.54 Miscellenous expenses 25.11 14.81 167.55 108.58 Preoperative exp capitalised 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 TOTAL EXPENSES 2,062.61 1,781.46 5,822.37 4,818.20 JUNE 2007 MARCH 2008 MARCH 2009 MARCH 2010 12MONTHS 9 MONTHS 12 MONTHS 12 MONTHS OPERATING PROFIT -262.4 -325.18 -553.2 249.72 PBDIT 79.7 -211.56 45.7 -83.58 Interest 466.05 434.44 2029.33 2,243.39 PBDT -386.35 -646 -1,983.63 -2,329.17 Depreciation 17.67 18.28 133.2 162.8 Other written off 26.25 18.31 38.39 54.49 Profit before tax -430.27 -682.59 -2,155.22 -2,546.46 Extra ordinary items 14.09 -0.97 0 31.28 PBT (post extra ord items) -416.18 -683.56 2,155.22 -2,515.18 Tax 3.4 -494.45 -546.38 -770.69 REPORTED NET PROFIT -419.58 -188.14 -1,608.83 1,647.22 Total value addition 2,016.67 1,737.67 5,771.17 4,777.31 Preference dividend 0 0 0 0 Equity dividend 0 0 0.00 0.00 Corporate dividend tax 0 0 0 0 PER SHARE DATA (ANNUALIZED) Shares in issue (lakhs) 1,354.70 1,357.99 2,659.09 2,659.09 Earnings per share (Rs) -30.79 -13.85 -60.5 -61.95 Equity dividend pert. 0 0 0 0 Book value Rs 28.4 13.9 -83.88 -150.54 CASH FLOW OF KINGFISHER AIRLINES: Cash flow statement for kingfisher airline in RS.CR. JUNE 2007 12 MONTHS MARCH 2008 9 MONTHS MARCH 2009 12 MONTHS MARCH 2010 12 MONTHS NET PROFIT BEFORE TAX -416.18 -682.59 -2155.21 -2417.92 Net cash from operating activities -552.58 -541.52 -645.78 -1665.09 Net cash from investing activities 119.48 13.82 206.63 235.13 Net cash from financing activities 993.68 -9.23 290.11 1964.55 Net decrease/Increase in cash and cash equivalents 560.57 -536.93 -149.04 34.6 Opening cash and cash equivalents 256.47 817.05 -320.91 171.87 Closing cash and cash equivalents 817.05 280.12 171.81 206.47 CONCLUSION: After doing a study of this project representing on Kingfisher Airlines, I have come to a conclusion that Kingfisher Airlines is one of the largest and most widespread airlines of the country providing its services not only in India as well as outside India also. It has alliance with many other airlines in this sector. Kingfisher Airlines offers world class services to the customer at a nominal rate. The airline uses the services of one of the advanced plans been operated in the world. To sum up I would like to say that Kingfisher Airlines is serving its customer in an appreciated way and going to be in the list of best services providers in coming years.

Ap in Cold Blood Free Essays

Rakshitha Mohankumar 11-16-12 AP English Language Period 3 Timed Writing: In Cold Blood Option C In part three of Capote’s In Cold Blood, the book gives a more clear understanding of how Perry and Dick came to know of the Clutters and earned their â€Å"score†. It has detailed excerpts from interviews with Floyd Wells, Dick’s friend from prison who is also the same person who tells him everything he needs to know about the Clutters, as well as, Mr and Mrs. Hickock, Dick’s parents who are worried for their son and concerned about his whereabouts. We will write a custom essay sample on Ap in Cold Blood or any similar topic only for you Order Now The author was able to create and portray a good amount of sympathy for Dick’s parents by making them appear poor and gentle as well as by how they speak about their son, and are willing to forgive him for his mistakes. In creating sympathy for the parents, the author also indirectly creates some sympathy for Dick by using certain quotes, by Mr. Hickock, that describe his life before he went into prison. There are many ways in which Truman Capote portrays sympathy for the Hickocks in this section. He uses interviews from the locals who live around where Dick’s family lives. When Officer Nye investigates the nearby folks, one farmer’s wife tells him,â€Å"Don’t talk to me about Dick Hickock! If ever I met the devil! [†¦ ] Dick would’ve gone to jail more times than you can count, except nobody around here ever wanted to prosecute out of respect for his folks. † Essentially, she is trying to say that although Dick gets into plenty of trouble, no one ever really says anything about it, out of kindness to his parents, who are â€Å"both plain and honest people. † Capote also uses certain phrases and quotes that stand out to the reader, which in turn evokes sympathy, from the interview with Dick’s parents themselves. He wanted to go on to college. Study to be an engineer . But we couldn’t do it. Plain didn’t have the money. Never have had any money. † The fact that they are not a rich and well-off family is made clear when Mr. Hickock says that he couldn’t afford to send his son to coll ege. This also is an indication of how Dick’s life would have turned out to be different than what it was currently, if he had gone to college. Both Dick’s parents never really blame their son for his faults. Rather, they blame it on someone or something else. â€Å"That friend of his. That’s what happened† is what Mrs. Hickock tells Officer Nye, implying that Perry is the one who was at fault for all the mishaps that Dick had been burdened with. They are typical parents, painting their son in perfect light, and thinking that in no way is he at fault, instead, only badly influenced. The author, by creating sympathy for the parents also creates sympathy for Dick and makes him seem more human. He uses a quote from Dick’s father â€Å"I’ve not got long, I’m with cancer, and Dick knowed that, and not a month ago, right before he took off, he told me, ‘Dad, you’ve been a pretty good old dad to me. I’m not ever gonna do nothing more to hurt you. ‘[†¦ ] That boy has plenty of good inside of him. † In the first two parts of the book, Dick is known to have cared for his family and this just elaborates on that fact. It humanizes Dick and makes him more compassionate. It shows that he is wary of how he has upset his parents and that he is not deliberately hurting them. The aforementioned quote also makes the reader sympathize for the father because it states that he has cancer and knows he is not going to live long. Adding in a disease or illness of sorts always has some sentimental effect on the reader and the author must have chosen this particular quote for that purpose. One last quote that stood out as a form of sympathy for Dick’s parents is â€Å"Ashamed and afraid. Of what he’s done. Of how he’s hurt us again. And afraid because he thinks we won’t forgive him. Like we always have. And always will. † This quote is from Mrs. Hickock and it signifies a parent’s, or more specifically, a mother’s love for her child. As Dick’s parents, they are always willing to forgive him no matter how many mistakes he has made or how badly he has hurt them. He is their son and it shows that, no matter what kind of a person he turned out to be, they have and always will love him and be there for him. This creates sympathy, more for Dick’s parents rather than Dick himself, because it signifies that they are good, loving, and caring parents who see past the faults and errors of their children. There are a few people who might say Dick is â€Å"undeserving† of such loving and kind-hearted people for parents. These are just a few outstanding ways in which Truman Capote portrayed sympathy for Mr and Mrs. Hickock. How to cite Ap in Cold Blood, Papers

Eating meat morally permissible free essay sample

It has been argued that meat has high sources of energy, minerals, and proteins in the human diet. It is rich in proteins which have shown to have a high energy unit as compared to other food types. Proponents of meat consumption support its consumption as it has a greater nutritional value and is good to the test buds. Apart from the nutritional reasons, it is also thought meat consumption maintains the ecosystem at equilibrium. If meat consumption was to stop, it is thought that animals like cattle, sheep, goats and poultry will multiply to levels that are ecological disastrous. As most of these animals are herbivorous, their uncontrolled increase would exert extreme pressure on vegetation. This may cause wanton destruction to vegetation that may destabilize the ecosystem. In as much as these arguments appear logical and plausible, they still do not give any moral permissibility of eating meat. Just like any reason in support of unacceptable practice, proponents of eating meat do not give any solid ethical justification why humans should continue killing animals to please their test buds. There is no moral justification whatsoever to rationalize the eating of meat. Meat is said to contain some very essential nutrients that may not be found in plants and vegetable. This is however no moral justification of killing animals to obtain meat yet there are more reliable sources of proteins and vitamins. It appears that human nature is feeding on animals mainly for gustatory pleasure. As there are vegetables and fruits that can adequately supply human beings with the required food nutrients, there is no justification whatsoever for man to continue killing animals as this inflicts pain to animals (Matheny 510). Killing animals also deprives them of their right to life. Most animals are slaughtered at relatively lower ages ending their lives prematurely. The only way mankind would justify eating meat could be for survival. However this may not be an appealing justification as there are plenty of substitutes. It is therefore immoral to continue killing animals for purposes of obtaining meat as if there were no other food alternatives. Animals like cats, horses and dogs are highly valued in most western societies as they provide company to man. It may not be logical to equate these animals to humans but it is fair to believe to believe that they too deserve fair treatment. Pets may not be any different from farm animals that are eventually slaughtered to provide meat. Most experiments with animals like dogs and mice show that these animals are teachable just like man. It is possible that in as much we do not understand so much about what the animals go through. Some pundits have even argued that animals have smaller brains and may not feel as much pain as humans. This is however immaterial as animals have a comprehensive nervous and sensory system that can feel pain. In fact killing animals should be equated to killing some helpless human person as they have similar perceived rationality. Meat consumption has been justified by the biblical declaration that man should have dominion over animals. It is wrong to believe that having dominion means wanton killing to obtain meat. If this is the bible interpretation of dominion, then all adulterous women would have been stoned to death within city centers as the bible instructs. It is also possible for some religious leaders to pick on the parts of their religious books that they like and give them interpretations that fit them. It is not possible that the bible instructs mankind to be slaughtering animals. Primitive man may have started feeding on meat early than historians predict. I might be easy to interpret what they thought of the animals they hunted and killed to obtain meat. Of great importance is that they handed and killed animals to obtain meat. It is logical to argue that even at that Precambrian epoch, other individuals may have realized that animals also underwent pain. With the development and sophistication of mankind, animal domestication began. Humans started appreciating the value of animals. Other animals became of great value to man depending on their utility. Man formed tight bonds with animals like cats, cows and dogs. Those that became too close to man escaped the knife as they were spared. In Europe especially England, the horse was highly regarded and was not slaughtered to provide meat. In India the cow become sacred probably for religious reasons. Early man had a way of respecting animals even if they were being slaughtered. Acts like Halal and Shechita were practiced to demonstrate dignity. It with this understanding of primitive man who started the practice of eating meat that should guide modernity to understand that eating meat is no longer serving its importance. Early man may have started feeding on meat due to food challenges then as agriculture was not as developed as it is today. Farm animals meant for meat are killed by being stunned with electricity and cutting the blood vessels in the neck region. Muslims and Jews slaughter animals without necessarily stunning them. Birds and horses can be killed using the bullet. Other methods could be snaring, hunting and trapping common in less developed parts of the world. While stunning, animals are allowed to bleed when still alive which could be purely a marketing strategy. Meat obtained in this manner is much more superior than meat obtained otherwise. Other animals can be killed by the captive bolt which penetrates the skull destroying the brain tissues. Stunning can also be done using electricity by some slaughter men. Large voltage electricity can be passed across the animals brain tissues. Meat consumers assume that the electricity does not cause any pain in animals prior to death. Most of these slaughter techniques have been shown to instill pain in animals before they die. There is overwhelming evidence that electricity stunning causes pain. Evidence has been drawn from human experience that experience pain when electricity is used to torture them. It has been shown that the large the current the more the pain. It is not very realistic to believe that electric stunning is humane as it has been shown to cause pain in human subjects. Slaughter men in charge of preparing meat for consumption may not really understand the physiological differences between the sensory motor system and the nervous system. It might also not be possible for animals to demonstrate the emotions and violence associated with pain typical in human beings. The belief that the electric chair employed in slaughtering animals is instantaneous and with no pain is absolutely incorrect. Assembly lines used to slaughter may necessitate scalding in water before stunning. It is therefore possible that animals may burn before becoming unconscious. Shechita and Halal are perhaps the greatest manifestation of the pain experienced by animals before being put on the plate to supply mankind with proteins. In these procedures, the animal’s neck is exposed before the jugular and carotid vessels being ripped off by a sharp knife. It is believed from some authorities that these are activities are even sanctioned by various holly books and their practice is therefore justified. It may be possible to give all sorts of explanation for practicing these cruel methods of killing animals, what is really had to dispute is the fact that the animals go through immense pain. Proponents of meat consumption can object to these argument of pain in animals and suggest that there could be more humane ways of slaughtering animals. It might however be possible to come up with any humane way of slaughtering animals as the end point is the premeditated death of animals which might not be a good destiny to the animals. The only realistic remedy is to stop the consumption of meat as it is extremely immoral for humans to subject animals to this kind of pain just because of meat. It may not be possible to exhaustively premise on why there is to morally justification of eating meat neither may it be possible for this text to conclusively give a scientific account of the negative impact of meat on the human body. What is however very apparent is that meat consumption has caused untold suffering to human kind by causing a myriad of health complications. The risk of heart related complications increase with an increase in meat consumption. Research has shown that meat consumers beyond the age of forty have a tenfold risk of being diagnosed with coronary thrombosis than their strict vegetarian counterparts. Heart attack is a direct function of high blood pressure and clogged arteries. Consumption of meat over a long period of time in one’s lifetime causes the buildup of cholesterol in blood vessels. The buildup of cholesterol eventually clogs blood vessels reducing the volumes of blood that can be pumped through the vessels. Cholesterol can be found in beef most meat varieties eaten by human beings. Meat consumption is thus unethical as it subjects human nature to diseases which could have been avoided if humans decided to stop consuming meat. What makes the practice even more irrational is that there is overwhelming scientific evidence that meat consumption reduces human longevity. Counter arguments against this premise that even strict vegetarians who consume high levels of unsaturated fats from foods like French fries also stand a risk of suffering from heart related problems. In as much as the argument can stand, it does not however justify why meat consumption should continue being practiced despite all the evidence pointing towards its dangers. Brain functioning seems to be affected by affected because of protracted meat consumption. Omega-6 is a protein commonly associated with red meat. It has been shown to have a negative impact on brain cells effectively impairing cognitive functioning. It has been suggested that just like cholesterol affects blood flow in the body, its accumulation in the brains may lead to impaired brain functions. The brain may not receive adequate blood supplies. Blood supllies the brain with oxygen and the nutrients required for proper brain functions. Anything that affects blood supply in the brains affects its functioning eventually affecting the way humans’ reason. Gracing land occupies about third of the world’s arable land. Feed crops cover almost a similar land mass meaning that land devoted to meat production occupy reasonable land areas that would have been directly engaged in other activities like crop production, forestry and even human settlement. Animal energy conversion ratios are extremely inefficient. It is irresponsible for humans to depend on animals to be their sources of food. High amounts of feeds are needed to maintain animals for them to produce meat for man. The vegetation being feed on by the animals would rather be left to be converted to fossil fuel which have high energy conversion efficiencies that animals. Jatropha grown for fuel production gives higher energy conversion rates than grass to feed on beef animals (Boadi, et al. , 320). The inefficient land use is happening against a backdrop of diminishing food production rates in globally (Weber, and Matthews, 3508). Developing parts of the world are experiencing incidences of hunger as the land asses cannot support adequate food production to meet the bourgeoning population. The immoral part of this is that developed countries have spared vast tracts of land for ranching and growing feeds. It is possible that if these tracts of land were being used for food production, there is a likely hood that global food problems can be addressed sufficiently. Advances in biotechnology were thought to be great means of tackling food shortages. They have however not been embraced in the developing countries that desperately require them or they might be too expensive to be adopted by the countries that require improvement in food production. It is not farfetched to predict that meat eating is one of the causes of food shortages in the world today as too much land that would have been used for producing cereals is being used to produce animal feeds. Ranching requires huge land areas. It is not surprising to see forests being cleared with the intention of setting up ranches. Ranching induced deforestation is causing the disappearance of some plant species. Anything touching forests directly affects the environment. Global warming is a direct result accumulation of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide. Forests are one of the mitigating remedies to global warming. They act as carbon dioxide sinks that maintain their concentrations to a minimum. Meat consumption has a direct impact on the environment as it leads to deforestation that leads to global warming. It is not possible to justify therefore that there is any moral rationale of eating meat when all indications show that meat has all the destructive tendencies. An analysis on animal farming shows that animals emit green house gases in the environment. Though animals may be kept for other products like hides and eggs, most animals are kept to ultimately provide meat after being slaughtered. Anthropogenic emissions like carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and methane are associated with animals. These gases impact negatively on the environment as they cause global warming. Sheep have been shown be the highest emitters of these gases. Meat consumption means that animals have to be raised. Over gracing has been reported in many parts of the world where animal rearing is extensive. Overgrazing causes all sorts of environmental degradation like soil erosion that have devastating impacts on human survival. Farming procedures devoted to food production will put in all systems meant to reduce soil erosion as opposed to activities like ranching and pastoralism geared towards meat production. Supporters of meat consumption however argue that most rangelands and pastoral lands are not suitable for crop farming. It si not however convincing to argue like this as most of this areas can be reclaimed for reasonable crop farming. It also does not make much sense to expose a piece of land to destructive farming practices irrespective of its suitability to crop farming. Eutrophication, water turbidity and increased water temperatures is a common environmental impact of animal rearing. Animal excrete finds its way in water bodies either intentionally or without human intent. Increased amounts of phosphates and nitrates have been shown because animal excreta in water bodies. Increased phosphates and nitrates promote certain species of bacteria to proliferate in the water bodies causing a decrease in the oxygen concentrations. Massive fish deaths have been reported because of reduced oxygen levels that occur as a result of eutrophication (Hecht 45). Proliferation of plant life in water bodies may also disrupt ordinary water activities like fishing and water transport. The water hyacinth that inhabits water bodies with high levels of nitrogen and phosphates is usually a menace to fishing and other water related activities like sports. The Mississippi river has suffered this brand due to pork effluent. The negative impacts of meat consumptions far much outstrip its purported benefits. It is unimaginable to come up with any moral justification to why meat consumption should be permitted. Works Cited